Sampling design for efficient detection of pine wood nematode. It also occurs in japan, china, taiwan, korea, and portugal. This pathogenic organism was detected in portugal in 1999. Molecular characterization and development of realtime pcr. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode pwn, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, one of the most damaging emerging pest problems to forests around the world. The nematode is transmitted by sawyer beetles, a wood boring bark beetle, through their feeding wounds into the resin canals.
After devastating vast areas of pine forests in asian countries, the pine wilt disease spread into european forests in 1999 and is causing worldwide concern. The pinewood nematode is vectored from diseased to healthy pines by wood boring, pine sawyer beetles known as cerambycids figure 2. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode pwn, is a quarantine harmful organism in the european union eu where its spread would cause significant damage to the pine forests and have serious economic impacts on eu export trade of coniferous wood. All elements associated with this presentation are for use for nonprofit, educational purposes in the fields of plant nematology, plant pathology and related plant protection and helminthology disciplines. Mitigating the pine wood nematode and its insect vectors in transported coniferous wood l. May 23, 2018 pine trees have economically and ecologically important roles. Pine chemical volatiles promote dauer recovery of a pine. Pine wilt in kansas kansas department of agriculture. The feasibility of detecting trees affected by the pine wood. It is native to north america where it causes relatively minor damage to native conifers but is labeled an eppoa2 pest and a quarantine nematode for many countries outside of the united states because of its potential. Secretome analysis of the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus reveals the tangled roots of parasitism and its potential for molecular mimicry. Pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode is determined not only by its physical and chemical. Symptomatic japanese black pine due to infection with pinewood.
During overwintering, pwns undergo morphological and physiological changes to adapt to low temperature environments. The pine wood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pwd. Cerambycidae, tree species and environmental conditions. The picture above shows pine wood nematodes in a water droplet. Early detection methods for pine wood nematode infections. Pdf the pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease pwd, is a major worldwide pathogen and pest of. Although many studies have been conducted into blocking the spread of pwd, relatively few studies have been performed to examine the transcriptional responses of pine trees to the pine wood nematode. Pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus request pdf. Initial reaction to rediscovery of pine wood nematode in north america the pine wood nematode as b. Pwn kills infected trees usually within a year of infection. We also tested the nematicidal activity of synthesized analogues of these ester compounds to determine the structureactivity relationship. Since the nematode is seldom a primary pathogen in north america, distribution there cannot be equated with the distribution of the pine wilt disease. However, since the beginning of the twentieth century, a large number of trees have been seriously damaged by pine wilt disease pwd. Dwinell, principal research plant pathologist southeastern forest experiment station forestry sciences laboratory athens, georgia w.
Pdf the pine wood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer nickle is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease, and a quarantine. This pine wood nematode pwn has caused severe damage to the forest ecosystems of far east asian countries and north america. Four different techniques for early detection of pines infected by the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus were tested in the maritime pine. Pine wilt disease pwd is a worldwide forest disease caused by the pine wood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner. It was found on dead austrian pinus nigra arnold and scotch p. Pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus forest research. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pine wood nematode or pine wilt nematode pwn, is a species of nematode that infects pine trees and causes the disease pine wilt. Pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, regarded as one of the five most harmful biotic agents for eu forests3.
Pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer nickle, is the casual organism of pine wilt disease, a major tree killer in the far east. United states an overview of the pine wood nematode ban in. Pine wood nematode pwn, also known as pine wilt nematode, is a microscopic, wormlike creature which is a serious threat to european conifer forests, including the united kingdoms. Pdf the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in. The chinese pine pinus tabuliformis, chinese pine or chinese red pine is the main, native, afforestation species in areas to the north of the yangtze river basin. Pine wilt disease pwd is one of the most serious diseases of forest trees, affecting conifers around the world. However, upon its introduction to asia, pwn has resulted in severe damage to forestry and the forest ecosystems 1,2. Metabolites from resistant and susceptible pinus thunbergii. Pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus forest. The pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a migratory endoparasitic nematode causing pine wilt disease pwd. Cold adaptive potential of pine wood nematodes overwintering in plant hosts zhenkai liu 1,2, yongxia li1,2, long pan, fanli meng and xingyao zhang1,2 abstract the pine wood nematode pwn. Cold adaptive potential of pine wood nematodes overwintering. However, with increasing globalization and the breaking down of to be totally replaced by other tree species.
This present study investigated the nematicidal metabolites of actinomycetes in vitro and evaluated the disease control efficacy of the active compound and metabolites under greenhouse and. Since then, it has spread to more than 30% of the country, producing large. It occurs in much of the united states, canada, and mexico. Although transmitted by the japanese pine sawyer, an indigenous longhorn beetle, this nematode is an alien invasive species. Application of conventional pcr and realtime pcr diagnostic methods for detection of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in wood samples from lodgepole pine in. Following the discovery in missouri, the disease was discovered in southeast kansas the same year. Pdf management and control of the pine wood nematode. In fact, pine wood nematodes are seldom, if ever, the primary cause of mortality of conifers in the forests of north america. The pine wood nematode is a primaty pathogen of exotic pines, however. Characterization of glutathione stransferases from the pine.
Disease resistance in pines, especially the hypersensitive reaction that is successful in controlling many potential pests and pathogens, is explored. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus an overview sciencedirect topics. It also occurs in japan, china, taiwan, korea, and portugal history. Dg health and food safety pine wood nematode surveys in the eu. Pwn is native to north america and causes little damage there. Rapid diagnosis of the infection of pine tree with pine wood. The pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the most destructive pest of forest and landscape. Background economic impact assessment of invasive species requires integration of information on pest entry, establishment and spread, valuation of assets at risk and market consequences at large spatial scales. Pine mortality in japan was first reported munemoto yano.
The pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and. Pathogenesis in pine wilt caused by pinewood nematode. To our knowledge, there is no report on pwn infecting chinese pines in the north of the yangtze. Here we develop such a framework and demonstrate its application to the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which threatens the european forestry industry. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a migratory endoparasitic nematode known to cause severe environmental damage and economic losses in pine forest ecosystems. The pinewood nematode southern research station forest. Assessing risks of pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus transfer between wood packaging by simulating assembled pallets in service.
The pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus lignicolus, a microscopic worm, has plagued the forests of japan for a century. In this study, we evaluated the nematicidal activity of natural ester compounds against the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to identify candidates for the development of novel, safe nematicides. Identification of potential nematicidal compounds against the. First isolation of pine wood nematode from pinus tabuliformis. Request pdf pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus after devastating vast areas of pine forests in asian countries, the pine wilt disease spread into european forests in 1999 and is. May 19, 2018 in 1999, the pine wood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causal agent of pine wilt disease and native to north america, was first detected in europe, more precisely in south. The trap tube using camphor and the cottonball matrix were most effective for attracting b. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, kills conifers, especially pines, of many species. This pest is endemic throughout the eastern half of the united states. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, bursaphelenchus mucrona. Identification of a novel effector bxsapb3 that enhances the. The pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease pwd, resulting in huge losses in pine forests. This nematode is believed to be native to north america and causes little damage to the pinus species in those regions.
The pine wood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer nickle is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease, and a quarantine organism within the european union. In north america, the fiative pinewood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus aylophilus, kills exotic pines. Cathepsin llike cysteine proteinase genes are associated. The pinewood nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. Therefore, it is a threat to pine forests world wide. The nematodes migrate to resin ducts in the wood and feed on the cells lining the ducts. The cathepsin llike cysteine proteinase cpl genes are multifunctional genes. Credits for materials that are not acknowledged on slide number 122 are included herein.
An overview of the pine wood nematode ban in north america. Pwn made its way into the european union in 1999 and has since spread through a large portion of portugal, killing predominantly maritime pine trees pinus pinaster. Pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pine parasitic nematode, poses a serious threat to its host pine forests globally. David dwinell usda forest spivice, southerrz research stution, 320 green st. New perspectives on past research research on a pest such as the pine wood nematode is a dynamic process. Symptoms of pine wilt begin to occur in mid summer and continue into early winter in kansas. Pine wilt disease and the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus. Pine wood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophi lus is the causal pathogen of pine wilt disease pwd 1, the most serious disease in east asian pine forests 24. Pm 91 6 bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors. Pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus annual. The pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer, 1934 nickle 1970, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. In a bioassay with pine wood nematode pwninfected pine tree logs, b.
Here, the physiological changes of the pwn populations sampled in the summer and winter were compared. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, which results in severe ecological and economic losses in coniferous forests. An overview of the pine wood nematode ban in north america l. Early detection methods for pine wood nematode infections of.
It previously had the scientific names bursaphelenchus lignicolous and aphelenchoides xylophilus. The pine wood nematode was first reported in the united states in 1931 but was not recognized till 1979 in missouri on scots pine as a pathogen. This disease has been also found in usa 5,6, canada 7, nigeria 8, mexico 9, portugal 10 and spain 11. Mitigating the pine wood nematode and its insect vectors in. Nematicidal activity of natural ester compounds and their. The pinewood nematodes pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine. The pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in portugal. Framework for modelling economic impacts of invasive species. The pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, being one of the most important threats to conifer forests in the eu. Pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a notorious invasive species from north america, which can kill a large amount of pine trees and causes economic losses and ecosystem destruction. As the causal agent of pwd, the pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus steinr and buhrer nickle, is a migratory plant endoparasite. Pwn is a microscopic worm which is regulated in the european union as a harmful organism to pine trees.
Silencing of cyp33c9 gene affects the reproduction and. Eppo 1986 stated that the pine wood nematode is associated with tree dieback in canada. Scotch pine scots pine is the most commonly affected host. Nickle, research nematologist usda agricultural research service systematic botany, mycology, and nematology lab beltsville, maryland abstract the history, ecology, and biology of the. Here, the nematode will reproduce and hinder the movement of water through waterconducting tissues, eventually causing the plant to wilt. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, is an eppo a2 pest. This disease involves very complicated interactions between a pathogenic nematode, its vector beetle, host pine species, and fungi in dead hosts.